The Institute for Research on Learning (IRL) in Palo Alto, California, was founded in 1986 by John Seely Brown, then a senior scientist at the Palo Alto Research Center, and James Greeno, professor of education at Stanford University, with the support of David Kearns, CEO of Xerox Corporation, with a grant from the Xerox Foundation. It operated from 1986 to 2000 as an independent interdisciplinary think tank with a mission to examine learning in all its forms and places. During its twelve years of pioneering research, the IRL has developed and disseminated many radical advances in the social and cognitive sciences: the use of systematic ethnographic methods to study organizations, the approach to social learning, research projects with client companies, the emphasis on communities and social networks as a tool for innovation and organizational knowledge, and awareness of the informal aspects of an organization. In addition, John Seely Brown and Roy Pea co-founded Cambridge University Press` Learning in Doing: Social, Cognitive, and Computational Perspectives series in 1989 – nearly 50 book titles have been published in over 30 years to inform and contribute to research science according to the central themes and advances of the IRL and its knowledge networks. In shipping, same-sex couples are popular; They are sometimes called “slash and femslash”. [19] [34] [35] In anime/manga fandom, borrowed Japanese terms such as yaoi and yuri may be used. [36] [37] A person who supports same-sex couples and reads or writes slash fiction can be described as a “slasher”,[38] although the Japanese term “fujoshi” for women who like homosexual stories,[39] and “fudanshi” as the male equivalent,[40][41] are also commonly used within the community, Especially by fans of Yaoi (boy on boy) and fans of Yuri (girl on girl). The learning process was essentially seen as interacting with members of one`s own community or group first and with related groups and social networks second. From access to a practice, to learning how to achieve by this group, to working with peers on a common task or program, and finally socializing others as an established member, these are all aspects of learning, but also evidence of identity transformations.

They determine both the position of the learner and the content of what is learned in a social practice shaped and shaped by a material and institutional environment. In computer technology and telecommunications, online indicates a connectivity state, and offline indicates a disconnected state. In modern terminology, this usually refers to an Internet connection, but can (especially when expressed “online” or “online”) refer to any device or functional unit connected to a larger system. Being online means that the device or subsystem is connected or ready to use. [1] IRL projects have been grouped into research contexts: professional competence is rated 3 on the scale. Level 3 is typically used to measure how many people in the world speak a particular language. A person at this level is described as follows: However, a comparison between the ILR self-assessment grids (read, speak, listen)[3] and the CEFR rubric [4] might indicate a different equivalence:[5] A third example of common use of these concepts is a web browser that may be asked to be online or offline. The browser tries to retrieve pages from servers when it is only online.

In the offline state, users can perform offline browsing, which allows them to browse pages with local copies of previously downloaded pages in the online state. This can be useful if your computer is offline and cannot connect to the internet or is unwanted. Pages are either implicitly downloaded into the web browser`s own cache as a result of previous online browsing by the user, or explicitly downloaded from a browser configured to store local copies of certain web pages that are updated while the browser is online, or by verifying that the local copies are periodically updated. or verifying that local copies are up-to-date when the browser accesses one of these web browsers that can be explicitly configured to download pages for offline browsing is Internet Explorer. When pages are added to the favorites list, they may be marked as “available for offline browsing.” Internet Explorer downloads both the selected page and, optionally, any pages it references to local copies. In Internet Explorer version 6, you can configure the level of direct and indirect connections, the maximum amount of local disk space allowed, and the schedule that local copies are checked for refresh of each favorite entry. [10] [11] [12] [13] On the Internet, “real life” refers to life offline. Online, the abbreviation “IRL” stands for “in real life,” which means “not on the Internet.” [4] For example, while people may talk about having “met” someone they contacted via online chat or in an online gaming context, saying they met someone “in real life” means that they met them in a physical location.